. Cassell's natural history. Animals; Animal behavior. this section of tlio r;omis in Europe, Init in North America there are several, all very similar to the insect we have just described. Although local, the Comma is not mifrequently met with in many parts of England, but it is the least common of the British species of Vanessa, except the large chocolate-coloured, yellowish-bordered Oamberwell Beauty (Vanessa antiopa), which, although abundant in America, as well as in many parts of Europe, is a great rarity in England, but like many other Butterflies is met with much more frequently in som
. Cassell's natural history. Animals; Animal behavior. this section of tlio r;omis in Europe, Init in North America there are several, all very similar to the insect we have just described. Although local, the Comma is not mifrequently met with in many parts of England, but it is the least common of the British species of Vanessa, except the large chocolate-coloured, yellowish-bordered Oamberwell Beauty (Vanessa antiopa), which, although abundant in America, as well as in many parts of Europe, is a great rarity in England, but like many other Butterflies is met with much more frequently in some years than in others. It has lately been noticed by various observers that the Small Tortoiseshell and Peacock Butterflies (^Vanessa urticw and V. io) ha\e the power of stridulating, or producing a sound which has been compared to the friction of .sandpaper. The credit of dis- covisring the apparatus wliich causes the sound is due to Mr. A. H. Swinton. The hmder vein of the fore wings is bare of scales at the base beneath, and serrated, and this works upon the front vein (or costal vein, as it is called) of the hind wings, which is likewise bai-e, smooth, and curved outwards at the base. The elegant brick-red, or pale salmon-coloured Painted Lady Butterfly [Fyvanieis cardui), is the last European species of this group which we shall notice. The caterj)illar feeds on thistle, and the Butterfly is generally common in waste places at the end of summer, not in England only, but over a great part of the world. It is much com- - moner in some years than in others, and is occa- sionally sufiiciently numerous to migrate in vast -swarms from one district to another. Among the commonest and most widely dis- tributed of the exotic Butterflies allied to Vanessa are those of the genus Junonia. As now restricted, it includes several species with smooth' eyes (those of the Vanessoi are hairy), and with .slightly dentated wings. They are insects about the size of the Vmiessa urticce, and the
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