History of mediæval art . illuminations are stated tohave been executed by the brethren Beringar and Liuthard; inthe Prayer-book of the same Emperor, now in Paris, occurs thename of Liuthard alone, and in the Bible of St. Calixtus, in Rome,that of Ingobert. Wolfcoz and Folchard, the abbot Salomo, to 920, Sintram, Notker Balbulus, and Tutilo were celebratedamong the illuminators of St. Gall; some of their works even con-tain self-complacent eulogies. The miniature-painting of the Carolingian epoch, which reachedits highest development under Charles the Bald, retained its posi-tion longe
History of mediæval art . illuminations are stated tohave been executed by the brethren Beringar and Liuthard; inthe Prayer-book of the same Emperor, now in Paris, occurs thename of Liuthard alone, and in the Bible of St. Calixtus, in Rome,that of Ingobert. Wolfcoz and Folchard, the abbot Salomo, to 920, Sintram, Notker Balbulus, and Tutilo were celebratedamong the illuminators of St. Gall; some of their works even con-tain self-complacent eulogies. The miniature-painting of the Carolingian epoch, which reachedits highest development under Charles the Bald, retained its posi-tion longer than did the architecture and sculpture of that after the middle of the tenth century it also was affected bythe general decline. The compositions became poor and superfi-cial, the execution careless, and wanting in understanding. Ger-manic culture again relapsed into barbarism: fortunately but for ashort period, for a more brilliant and lasting development, that ofthe Romanic style, was soon to be Fig. 134.—The Abbey Church of Laach. ROMANIC ARCHITECTURE IN GERMANY. THE disassociation of the German element from the Frenchhad been begun during the Carolingian epoch by the treaty ofVerdun, 843, but the entire separation, destined to be of themost decisive importance upon the subsequent development of Eu-ropean civilization, was not carried into effect until, after the ex-tinction of the dynasty of Charlemagne in Germany, a native rulerwas elected. The tenth century was a glorious age for striking contrast to the fierce dissensions which arose in theCarolingian family through the insatiate ambition of its members,Otto, the noble duke of Saxony, to whom the new crown had firstbeen offered, refused to accept the great responsibility for whichhe considered himself incapacitated by his age, exerting his influ-ence for the election of the Duke of Franconia, who, after an un-certain reign of seven years as Conrad I., bequeathed the succession
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