. Railroad construction. Theory and practice . ^ large enough toproperly hold the wooden ke3s with whichthe rail is secured to the chairs (see Fig. 112)and furnish the necessary strength. The useof these rails requires the use of two cast-iron chairs for each tie. It is claimed thatsuch track is better for heavy and fast traffic, but it is more. Fig. 112. — Bull-headed Rail a-ndChair. § 226. RAILS. 237 expensive to build and maintain. It is the standard form oftrack in England and some parts of Europe. Until a fevv years ago there Avas a very great multiplicityin the designs of T rails as used


. Railroad construction. Theory and practice . ^ large enough toproperly hold the wooden ke3s with whichthe rail is secured to the chairs (see Fig. 112)and furnish the necessary strength. The useof these rails requires the use of two cast-iron chairs for each tie. It is claimed thatsuch track is better for heavy and fast traffic, but it is more. Fig. 112. — Bull-headed Rail a-ndChair. § 226. RAILS. 237 expensive to build and maintain. It is the standard form oftrack in England and some parts of Europe. Until a fevv years ago there Avas a very great multiplicityin the designs of T rails as used in this countr^^ nearly ever}^prominent railroad having its own special design, which perhapsdiffered from that of some other road by only a very minute andinsignificant detail, but vrhich nevertheless would require acomplete new set of rolls for rolling. This certainly must havehad a very appreciable effect on the cost of rails. In 1893, theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers, after a ver}^ exhaustiveinvestigation of the subject, extending over several years, hav-ing obtained the opinions of the best experts of the country,adopted a series of sections which have been verj- extensivelyadopted by the railroads of this country. Instead of havingthe rail sections for various weights to be geometrically similarfigures, certain dimensions


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